Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS)

The Pre-Clinical Phase establishes the scientific foundation required for medical education. Students develop an understanding of the normal human body at structural, functional, and biochemical levels. This phase also introduces students to professional ethics, communication skills, patient interaction, and early clinical exposure.

Anatomy

Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body. Students learn about bones, muscles, joints, organs, nerves, blood vessels, and body systems through lectures, dissection, models, specimens, and practical demonstrations. The subject provides the essential structural knowledge required for surgery, medicine, radiology, and other clinical disciplines.

Physiology

Physiology explains how the human body functions under normal conditions. Students study the working of major body systems, including the cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, digestive, endocrine, renal, and reproductive systems. This subject helps learners understand how normal body functions are altered during disease.

Biochemistry

Biochemistry focuses on the chemical and molecular processes that sustain life. Students study biomolecules, enzymes, metabolism, nutrition, molecular biology, genetics, and biochemical changes associated with health and disease. It provides the basis for understanding laboratory investigations, metabolic disorders, and modern molecular medicine.

The Para-Clinical Phase connects basic medical sciences with patient care. Students learn how diseases develop, how they can be identified through laboratory and clinical investigations, and how medicines and preventive measures are used in treatment. The phase strengthens diagnostic reasoning and prepares students for advanced clinical training.

Pathology

Pathology is the study of disease and the changes it produces in cells, tissues, and organs. Students learn about the causes, mechanisms, and progression of diseases, including inflammation, infection, cancer, genetic disorders, and organ-system diseases. Practical training includes the examination of specimens, slides, blood samples, and laboratory reports.

Pharmacology

Pharmacology deals with medicines and their use in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease. Students learn about drug actions, indications, adverse effects, interactions, dosage principles, and rational prescribing. The subject also promotes safe, ethical, and evidence-based use of medicines.

Microbiology

Microbiology focuses on microorganisms that cause human disease, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Students learn about infection, immunity, sterilisation, antimicrobial resistance, laboratory diagnosis, and prevention of communicable diseases. Practical sessions develop skills in specimen handling, microscopy, culture methods, and interpretation of microbiological reports.

Forensic Medicine & Toxicology

Forensic Medicine and Toxicology introduces students to the medical aspects of law and legal responsibilities of doctors. It covers medico-legal examination, injury documentation, death investigation, post-mortem principles, poisoning, sexual offences, medical ethics, and professional conduct. The subject prepares students to handle medico-legal cases responsibly and accurately.

Community Medicine

Community Medicine focuses on health promotion, disease prevention, public health, and healthcare delivery at the community level. Students learn about epidemiology, biostatistics, sanitation, nutrition, national health programmes, maternal and child health, and prevention of communicable and non-communicable diseases. Field visits, family studies, surveys, and community postings help students understand healthcare needs beyond the hospital setting.

The Clinical Phase enables students to apply their medical knowledge in real patient-care settings. Through hospital postings, bedside teaching, case presentations, outpatient and inpatient exposure, and supervised clinical procedures, students learn to examine patients, interpret investigations, formulate diagnoses, and plan appropriate treatment.

General Medicine

General Medicine focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of adult medical conditions. Students gain exposure to diseases affecting the heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, nervous system, endocrine system, blood, and other body systems. Training emphasises history-taking, physical examination, clinical reasoning, interpretation of investigations, and patient-centred care.

General Surgery

General Surgery deals with conditions that may require surgical evaluation or intervention. Students learn the principles of surgical assessment, wound care, trauma management, infection control, pre-operative and post-operative care, and common surgical procedures. Clinical training includes ward rounds, outpatient consultations, operating theatre observation, and emergency care exposure.

Obstetrics & Gynaecology

Obstetrics and Gynaecology focuses on women’s health, pregnancy, childbirth, reproductive health, and disorders of the female reproductive system. Students learn antenatal care, normal and high-risk pregnancy management, labour and delivery, family planning, infertility, menstrual disorders, and gynaecological conditions. Clinical postings provide supervised exposure to labour rooms, antenatal clinics, gynaecology wards, and operation theatres.

Paediatrics

Paediatrics is concerned with the health and medical care of infants, children, and adolescents. Students learn about child growth and development, nutrition, immunisation, newborn care, common childhood illnesses, congenital conditions, and paediatric emergencies. The subject emphasises communication with children and parents, preventive care, and age-appropriate clinical assessment.

Dermatology

Dermatology deals with diseases of the skin, hair, nails, and related conditions. Students learn to recognise common skin infections, allergic disorders, inflammatory skin diseases, pigmentary disorders, and other dermatological conditions. Training focuses on clinical examination, identification of skin lesions, differential diagnosis, and appropriate treatment planning.

Psychiatry

Psychiatry focuses on mental health, emotional wellbeing, and behavioural disorders. Students learn about the assessment and management of conditions such as depression, anxiety, psychosis, substance-use disorders, sleep disorders, and psychiatric emergencies. The subject also develops communication, empathy, counselling, and ethical skills required for compassionate patient care.

Anesthesiology

Anesthesiology teaches the principles of pain relief, anaesthesia, resuscitation, critical care, and peri-operative patient management. Students gain exposure to pre-anaesthetic evaluation, airway management, monitoring during surgery, basic life support, advanced resuscitation principles, and intensive care practices. The subject is essential for understanding safe surgical and emergency care.

The following subjects are part of the Clinical Phase of the MBBS programme. They help students develop specialised skills in diagnosis, treatment, emergency care, rehabilitation, and patient management through lectures, demonstrations, clinical postings, case discussions, and supervised hospital training. The NMC curriculum places these disciplines within medicine and surgery allied subjects during the clinical phase.

Radio-Diagnosis

Radio-Diagnosis focuses on the use of medical imaging to identify and evaluate diseases and injuries. Students are introduced to X-ray, ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and other imaging methods.

The subject helps students understand how imaging is selected, performed, and interpreted in common clinical conditions involving the chest, abdomen, brain, bones, joints, urinary system, and reproductive system. Students also learn the basics of radiation safety, contrast media, emergency imaging, and the role of radiology in diagnosis and treatment planning.

Orthopaedics

Orthopaedics deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disorders affecting the bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, tendons, and spine. Students learn about fractures, dislocations, arthritis, sports injuries, bone infections, deformities, and common musculoskeletal conditions.

Clinical training includes patient examination, interpretation of X-rays and other investigations, principles of fracture management, splinting, plaster application, trauma care, and post-operative rehabilitation. Students are also introduced to physical medicine and rehabilitation and the importance of restoring mobility and functional independence.

Respiratory Medicine

Respiratory Medicine focuses on diseases of the lungs, airways, and respiratory system. Students learn about conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia, tuberculosis, respiratory infections, pleural diseases, and respiratory emergencies.

Training develops skills in respiratory history-taking, chest examination, interpretation of chest X-rays and pulmonary function tests, sputum examination, oxygen therapy, and basic respiratory support. Students also learn about the prevention and control of tuberculosis and other communicable respiratory diseases.

Otorhinolaryngology (ENT)

Otorhinolaryngology, commonly known as ENT, deals with diseases of the ear, nose, throat, head, and neck. Students study hearing disorders, ear infections, sinusitis, allergic nasal conditions, tonsil and throat diseases, voice disorders, vertigo, and common head-and-neck conditions.

Clinical postings help students develop skills in ear, nose, and throat examination, hearing assessment, basic ENT procedures, recognition of airway emergencies, and referral for specialised treatment. The subject also highlights the importance of early detection of hearing loss, speech problems, and head-and-neck disease.

Ophthalmology

Ophthalmology focuses on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases affecting the eyes and visual system. Students learn about refractive errors, cataract, glaucoma, eye infections, retinal disorders, ocular injuries, childhood eye diseases, and vision-threatening emergencies.

Practical learning includes visual-acuity testing, external eye examination, pupillary assessment, basic fundoscopy, colour-vision testing, and screening for common eye disorders. Students are also introduced to eye care, prevention of avoidable blindness, ocular trauma management, and timely referral to an ophthalmologist.